Maackia amurensis Lectin (MAA/MAL II) - DyLight 488

         Maackia amurensis Lectin (MAA/MAL II) is an affinity purified, hemagglutinating lectin and can be used to detect O-linked glycans containing the trisaccharide Siaα2-3Galß1-3GalNAc. This lectin does not agglutinate one blood type more than another and agglutination can be inhibited by lactose at high concentrations. Although MAL I and MAL II are similar in size and structure, this lectin exhibits more hemagglutinating ability than MAL I.

            This lectin is used in a plethora of research. It has been exhibited that MAA inhibits oral squamous cell carcinoma growth and motility by decreasing activity of the JAK-STAT, TGFβ-SMAD, and Wnt-βCTN signaling pathways. MAA has been used to study Turkey adenovirus 3 activity, leaving evidence that the virus has attachment receptors that are both α2,3-linked and α2,6-linked sialic acids. As a sialic acid binding lectin, MAA has been used to observe content of sialic acid in seminoma testicular tissue, revealing that sialic acids may have roles in seminoma development by promoting invasiveness, as well as cross-talk between cancer-cells and the surrounding stroma and vessels. In novel SARS-CoV-2 research, it has been shown that MAA targets the ACE2 receptor, thus decreasing glycosylation and expression. As a result, the spike protein binding is suppressed, and inflammatory mediators have decreased expression. MAA II was shown to inhibit bluetongue virus infection and growth in sheep cells, showing the key functionality of sialic acid as a receptor for viral entry for the virus that affects domestic animals and has a high economic impact. In cholangiocarcinoma research, MAA II positive staining to sialylated glycans revealed elevated levels of glycans in the carcinomic cells over the hyperplastic/dysplastic and normal bile ducts. The same study used the lectin results to suggest that sialylation is involved in 5-fluorouracil resistance development.

             Dylight 488 can be used to visualize the binding pattern of Maackia amurensis Lectin (MAA/MAL II) in cellular imaging and flow cytometry. DyLight 488 is a green-fluorescent dye that works over a broad pH range (pH 4-9). It is brighter and more photostable than many other green-fluorescent dyes, including FITC. This product comes in a stabilized liquid form.

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Application

Blotting, Glycobiology, Immunocytochemistry, Immunohistochemistry, Immunofluorescence, Mitogenic Stimulation

References

Hamilton, K. L., Sheehan, S. A., Retzbach, E. P., Timmerman, C. A., Gianneschi, G. B., Tempera, P. J., Balachandran, P., & Goldberg, G. S. (2021). Effects of Maackia amurensis seed lectin (MASL) on oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) gene expression and transcriptional signaling pathways. Journal of cancer research and clinical oncology, 147(2), 445–457. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00432-020-03456-8

Mahsoub, H. M., Yuan, L., & Pierson, F. W. (2020). Turkey adenovirus 3, a siadenovirus, uses sialic acid on N-linked glycoproteins as a cellular receptor. The Journal of general virology, 101(7), 760–771. https://doi.org/10.1099/jgv.0.001429

Marini, M., Tani, A., Manetti, M., & Sgambati, E. (2020). Characterization and distribution of sialic acids in human testicular seminoma. Acta histochemica, 122(3), 151532. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acthis.2020.151532

Sheehan, S. A., Hamilton, K. L., Retzbach, E. P., Balachandran, P., Krishnan, H., Leone, P., Lopez-Gonzalez, M., Suryavanshi, S., Kumar, P., Russo, R., & Goldberg, G. S. (2021). Evidence that Maackia amurensis seed lectin (MASL) exerts pleiotropic actions on oral squamous cells with potential to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 disease progression. Experimental cell research, 403(1), 112594. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yexcr.2021.112594

Wattanavises, S., Silsirivanit, A., Sawanyawisuth, K., Cha\'on, U., Waraasawapati, S., Saentaweesuk, W., Luang, S., Chalermwat, C., Wongkham, C., & Wongkham, S. (2019). Increase of MAL-II Binding Alpha2,3-Sialylated Glycan Is Associated with 5-FU Resistance and Short Survival of Cholangiocarcinoma Patients. Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania), 55(12), 761. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina55120761

Wu, W., & Roy, P. (2021). Sialic acid binding sites in VP2 of bluetongue virus and their use during virus entry. Journal of virology, JVI0167721. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.01677-21